Which of the following is NOT considered a criminal liability?

Vicarious liability is not considered a direct form of criminal liability in the same way that the other listed options are. Criminal liability typically involves direct actions that can be prosecuted as crimes, such as assault, theft, and abuse of official capacity, where an individual is held accountable for their own actions.

In contrast, vicarious liability is a legal concept primarily found in the realms of tort law and civil law, where a party can be held responsible for the actions of another person, usually in a subordinate relationship, such as an employer being liable for an employee's actions performed within the scope of their employment. As such, while vicarious liability can have legal implications, it does not classify as criminal liability since it does not involve a direct commission of a crime by the liable party themselves. This distinction clarifies why vicarious liability is the correct answer to the question regarding what constitutes criminal liability.